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| 1851 |
| | | French physicist Léon Foucault demonstrates the rotation of the earth by means of a long pendulum suspended in the Pantheon in Paris | |
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| 1852 |
| | | Scottish physicist William Thomson formulates the second law of thermodynamics, concerning the transfer of heat within a closed system | |
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| c. 1864 |
| | | Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell presents to the Royal Society his discoveries in the field of electromagnetics, now known collectively as Maxwell's Equations | |
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| 1878 |
| | | William Crookes develops a special tube, now known as the Crookes tube, for the study of cathode rays | |
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| 1894 |
| | | Scottish physicist William Ramsay isolates argon, following Rayleigh's discovery that an undiscovered gas combines with nitrogen in the air | |
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| 1895 |
| | | German physicist Wilhelm Roentgen discovers rays that can penetrate light-proof barriers, and names them x-rays because their nature is as yet unknown | |
|  | Roentgen's X-ray of his wife's hand
Wellcome Library, London
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| 1896 |
| | | French physicist Antoine Henri Becquerel discovers in uranium salt the phenomenon of natural radioactivity | |
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| 1897 |
| | | English physicist Joseph John Thomson, working at the Cavendish laboratory in Cambridge, discovers the existence of the electron | |
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| 1900 |
| | | German physicist Max Planck proposes the revolutionary concept of the quantum theory | |
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| 1902 |
| | | A.E. Kennelly and Oliver Heaviside independently see the link between the atmosphere and the behaviour of radio waves | |
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